Accepted on 15 Jul 2020
Submitted on 21 Jun 2020
Approximately 55 000 women in the United Kingdom are diagnosed with new breast cancer each year [1]. Multi-modal treatment involves a combination of surgery and systemic therapy, which often involve multiple hospital visits or admissions, increasing the potential risk of exposure to COVID-19. The first case of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19) was diagnosed in the UK on the 23rd January 2020 [2], with the first death recorded on the 5th March [3], [4]. As of 5th June 2020, COVID-19 has resulted in 6,515,796 confirmed cases and 387,298 deaths worldwide since its emergence in December 2019 [5]. Globally, the COVID-19 pandemic has led to repercussions in healthcare delivery, including alterations in cancer care. In the UK, the Association of Breast Surgery (ABS) published a guidance statement, outlining the temporary changes required to the work-up of patients with breast symptoms and the surgical management of patients with a new diagnosis of breast cancer [6]. The guidelines were intended to help breast units rationalise delivery of breast services whilst healthcare resources were limited and when hospitals were considered a high risk environment for many vulnerable patients.
In summary, the ABS advised the following changes to be implemented [6]:
The Royal College of Radiologists (RCR) produced guidelines on the rationalisation of radiotherapy (RT) for breast cancer patients during the pandemic [7] subsequently supported by International guidelines. These were in part based on the published results of the Fast Forward trial, which demonstrated non-inferiority for local recurrence for 5 fractions of adjuvant radiotherapy compared to the UK standard of care 15 fraction [8], [9].
The guidelines recommended the following options be considered and discussed with the patient for shared decision-making: Radiotherapy omission for patients over 65 years (or younger comorbid patients) with invasive breast cancer of 30 mm or less, provided they fulfilled the following criteria: clear margins, grade (G) 1–2, ER+, HER2- and node negative commencing endocrine therapy. RT could be delivered in 5 fractions for node negative disease. Boost RT could be offered only to patients under 40 years or those over 40 with high risk of relapse. Nodal RT could be omitted in the following cases: 1) post-menopausal women undergoing whole breast RT after sentinel lymph node biopsy; 2) primary surgery for T1, ER+, HER2- G1-2 tumours with 1–2 macrometastases [7].
The guidelines also highlight that pre-operative breast radiotherapy could be used as an emergency bridging measure in patients where surgery was postponed during the COVID-19 pandemic and further pre-operative systemic therapy was not possible. These included patients with a new diagnosis of invasive breast cancer or patients completing neoadjuvant therapy, where systemic therapy was not appropriate, or patients with disease progression despite use of systemic therapies [10].
In line with the national guidelines [11], the Cancer Core Europe (CCE) consortium published general consensus measures on the re-structuring of service delivery during the COVID-19 pandemic [12]. They recommended to record and analyse the impact of treatment alterations during the pandemic on the cancer specific patient outcomes [12]. Pardo et al. published a suggested approach to the management of breast cancer patients during different stages of the pandemic, based on their local experience [13]. Several other publications reported the outcomes of COVID-19 disease in cancer patients [14], [15], [16], although none of these papers focused specifically on the outcomes of the breast cancer patients [17].
The primary aim of the B-MaP-C study is to audit and describe breast cancer management during the COVID-19 pandemic against standard pre-COVID-19 management practice. In addition, the impact of a COVID-19 diagnosis on the patient’s breast cancer management will be determined.
The short-term audit objectives are to determine the impact of the COVID-altered management on the patient outcomes, including:
The long-term aim is to audit outcomes in patients undergoing COVID-altered treatment. This national cohort of patients can be interrogated in the future for oncological outcomes, for example:
This is a multi-centre collaborative study of consecutive patients with breast cancer undergoing MDT treatment decisions during the acute and recovery phases of the COVID-19 pandemic. The recruitment period is from the 16th March 2020 (commencement of social distancing recommendations in UK) until the local recommencement of routine breast cancer management as gauged by the availability of pre-COVID services and facilities are determined. It is anticipated that most units will resume standard practice at a similar time point.
All breast cancer units in the UK and Europe are eligible to participate. Study information is available on the website bmapc.org, which hosts the collaborator recruitment sign-up process. The UK Association of Breast Surgery has endorsed the study and encouraged all members to participate.
This is a multi-centre collaborative audit. Collaborative study design is a well-tested method of delivery of high-quality cohort studies in the UK [14], [19], [20] with the capacity to generate meaningful large scale data with the potential to inform or change clinical practice. There have been several successful trainee collaborative studies related to breast surgery [21], [22], [23], [24].
All eligible consecutive patients will be identified prospectively by the local participating clinical teams via the documentation from local multidisciplinary team (MDT) meetings. It is assumed that standard or COVID-altered treatment pathways for each patient will be clearly recorded in the MDT records, as per ABS guidelines. Prospective data entry is preferred, following the MDT meeting. It is accepted that in some centres, for example with a high burden of COVID-19 patients, retrospective data collection will be required.
Data collection will occur in accordance with Caldicott II principles. All data will be recorded in an anonymised format using a unique alphanumeric study identification number. A secure record of NHS numbers and corresponding REDCap ID will be kept locally to facilitate ‘staged’ data collection and future outcome studies. No patient identifiable data will be collected or recorded centrally for the purpose of the audit. Study data will be collected and managed using REDCap™ electronic data capture tools hosted at The University of Manchester [25], [26]. REDCap™ (Research Electronic Data Capture) is a secure, web-based software platform designed to support data capture for research studies, providing 1) an intuitive interface for validated data capture; 2) audit trails for tracking data manipulation and export procedures; 3) automated export procedures for seamless data downloads to common statistical packages; and 4) procedures for data integration and interoperability with external sources [27].
Data collection will be conducted in three phases (Fig. 1).
Phases of data collection.
For details of the REDCap Sections 1–5 data collection, please refer to Supplement 1
For quality assurance purposes, REDCap’s built-in data quality rules will be used to find discrepancies and errors in the project data. In addition, in the lead up to publication, interim analyses will be performed to look for discrepancies in the data, and if identified, the study site will be contacted to validate that record. This is consistent with the quality assurance procedure used in other large collaborative audit projects [19]; however, rather than selecting a random sample to validate, specific cases will be identified.
The study report will be prepared according to the STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) reporting guidelines for observational studies [28]. All data analysis will occur centrally by the B-MAP-C study team with input from a biostatistician. It is anticipated that simple descriptive summary statistics will be calculated for each outcome. Data will be tested for normality and differences between groups using unpaired t-tests, Mann-Whitney U tests and Chi squared tests if appropriate.
Ethical approval is not required for this cohort study as it was classified as an audit according to the NHS Health Research Authority online decision tool http://www.hra-decisiontools.org.uk/research/. However, each participating centre is required to register the study locally and obtain local governance approvals prior to commencement of data collection. Data collection will be based on routine clinical data already available to local clinical teams. Collected data will be compared to established standard breast cancer management [29] as well as COVID-specific guidelines published by the ABS [6] and the RCR [7], [10].
Local audit data will be available to individual participating centres at any given time. Participating centres will have ownership of their own data. Results of data analysis will be submitted for publication, the ABS newsletter and a webinar. All data will be presented at national and international conferences, circumstances permitting.
This European study aims to describe the extent of alterations in the management of breast cancer during the COVID-19 pandemic on a patient and population-based level to help us understand the true impact of the pandemic on patient outcomes and the degree to which breast cancer management has been affected. This knowledge will assist us with the long-term planning of service delivery once routine breast cancer management resumes or if another pandemic were to occur. In addition, our findings will be helpful for long-term counselling of patients with breast cancer. Since the outcomes of our study are likely to evolve depending on the progression of the pandemic, we will discuss briefly some of the potential findings.
In the UK, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines recommend that all women, undergoing a mastectomy, should be offered breast reconstruction, in view of the potential psychological effects associated with the loss of a breast [29]. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has led to suspension of IBR in many countries worldwide due to resource, workforce and safety concerns [30]. We aim to identify this cohort of women that did not have IBR as a result of the pandemic and audit patient-specific outcomes. For example, we could determine the type of reconstruction performed and the duration of waiting time against published guidelines [31], as well as assess the impact on patients’ psychological and mental health [32], [33].
We will audit the outcomes of neoadjuvant endocrine therapy (NET) in a real-world setting. Based on the national guidelines, it is anticipated that significant number of patients with ER + HER2- cancers will have their surgery deferred to minimise the risk of COVID-19 transmission as a result of hospital admission for surgery. There is evidence to suggest that NET may be utilised in post-menopausal women to facilitate breast conservation in 30–70% of women requiring mastectomy at baseline [34], [35], [36]. There is also evidence suggesting its clinical equivalence to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in post-menopausal women with ER positive disease [34]. The use of NET in pre-menopausal women is less well established and will be evaluated in this study.
In the long term, we will have the opportunity to assess the impact of treatment alterations on the rate of disease recurrence and overall patient survival. If breast cancer outcomes following altered management are shown to be comparable to standard treatment, it may prompt future interventional trials.
Finally, we anticipate that the B-MaP-C study will strengthen the collaborative breast cancer research network and will reinforce multidisciplinary links with the medical and radiation oncology research communities, allowing for better collaboration in the future.
Data collection has commenced across the UK and Europe, with 59 UK units and 7 European units registered to participate to date. Interim analysis for the ‘acute phase’ of COVID-19 is expected to be undertaken at the end of June 2020.
RVD designed the study, wrote the initial proposal, provided trainee collaborative expertise.
AC inputted on the study design, drafted the manuscript based on the study proposal, and is part of the audit advisory group.
ROC provided trainee collaborative expertise, advised on the study protocol, and is part of the audit advisory group.
TR provided trainee collaborative expertise, advised on the study protocol, and is part of the audit advisory group.
CK, AG, RIC, were involved in study design, advised on the protocol and are part of the audit steering group.
KH, SMcI, DL, RV, SP, CH, CC, EC, CC, NS, PF were involved in study design, advised on the protocol and are part of the audit advisory group.
BK was involved in study design, advised on the protocol, piloted the RedCap database, and is part of the audit steering group.
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sector.
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