Accepted on 8 Jun 2020
Submitted on 7 May 2020
Falls and fractures in older people are of major public health significance. One in three older people experience one or more falls each year [1] and about one in six 50-year-old women will have at least one hip fracture before they die [2]. This propensity for fall-related injury in elderly persons stems from a high prevalence of comorbid diseases such as osteoporosis and age-related physiological decline (e.g. slower reflexes) that make even a relatively mild fall, potentially dangerous. With a rising elderly population, hip fracture incidence and cost are expected to grow substantially [3]. It is estimated that by 2050 the total global cost of hip fractures will be $131.5 billion annually [4]. Unfortunately, outcomes after hip fracture are often poor [5] with high mortality rates and decreased functionality and mobility in survivors [6]. Henceforth, fall is major giant of elderly people in community settings [7]. It poses major social, psychological and economic burden to individuals and their families.
In Pakistan, there is a lack of large scale epidemiological studies resulting in lack of statistical data on hip fractures. An ultrasound based study conducted throughout the country concluded that currently there are 9.91 million people suffering from osteoporosis [8]. They further added that the numbers estimated will rise up to 11.3 million by 2020 and 12.91 million by 2050. In addition, 75% of the patients suffering from osteoporosis in Pakistan have had hip fractures [9]. On the other hand, considering low capital per income, the overall cost for treating patients with hip fracture is very high eventually leading to increased healthcare burden.
Total hip replacement (THR) remains the ultimate treatment option for patients suffering from hip fractures and severe hip osteoarthritis [10]. Rehabilitation after hip fracture surgery is the most critical component of post-surgical care and has been associated with better functional outcomes [10]. According to McMeeken & Galea (2007), the key feature of THR rehabilitation program is strengthening of muscles around the affected joint and improvement in gait and joint stability. A systematic review of 88 trials conducted in 2016 reports significant effect of home-based exercise program post-surgery on strengthening of leg muscles and overall functionality [11]. However, adherence to exercise programs is a major issue identified in both public health researches and clinical practice. There is an evidence that long term adherence to exercise may be better with home-based rehabilitation programs rather than institution-based programs especially for older adults [12].
The development and implementation of effective rehabilitation strategies to minimize disability and secondary falls predominantly among older people is an urgent public health challenge due to the increasing proportion of older people in the global world [13], [14], [15]. Around 962 million people worldwide are aged 60 years and older [16] and this number is predicted to increase to 2.1 billion by 2050 which will represent one eighth of the global population [17]. Developing countries are predicted to have a 140 percent increase in older people by 2030 [18]. A study conducted by students and faculties at nurse-managed clinic in US concluded that recurrent falls are a common reason for admission of previously independent elderly persons to long-term care institutions [19]. Bezon et al. [20] conducted a study in British community reported falls to be a major reason for 40% of nursing home admissions. Fear of falling and the post-fall anxiety syndrome are also well recognized as negative consequences of falls. The loss of self-confidence to ambulate safely can result in self-imposed functional limitations [21], [22], [23].
For many individuals, the risk of falls and disability after hospital discharge decreases with time. However, for a significant proportion, this is not the case [24]. Many patients after discharge are readmitted with second fracture to the hospitals due to lack of acute rehabilitation programs [25]. Therefore, we have designed a post-discharge home-based physical rehabilitation intervention program to minimize disability and falls in this high-risk elderly population. This study will evaluate the effectiveness of 12 week home-based physiotherapy program in reduction of secondary falls and improvement in physical mobility of elderly patients after hip fracture surgery.
This study will be an open label, simple randomized controlled trial at a single hospital. The two arms will be equally allocated on a 1:1 ratio into intervention and control groups. The control arm will receive the usual standard postoperative rehabilitation after a bipolar hemiarthroplasty/total hip arthroplasty which will include in hospital rehabilitation and a maximum of 5 physiotherapist visits postoperatively, arranged and funded by the patient as feasible. The intervention group will receive an extended home-based rehabilitation program twice a week continued for 3 months (12 weeks) after discharge funded by the study.
The study will be conducted solely at Aga Khan University Hospital. The care providers involved with the study will include Orthopaedic consultants, Family medicine physician, physiotherapist, and Orthopaedic nurses. We will recruit 224 elderly patients aged 60 years and above undergoing hip fracture surgery who will be randomly divided into intervention and control arms. Participants will be enrolled by research-assistant over a 19‐month period from Emergency Room and Orthopedic outpatient clinics. This study will be conducted over a period of 24 months with ongoing recruitment and follow-ups after intervention.
To be included in the study patients must meet the following inclusion criteria: 1) age ≥ 60 years; 2) able to walk independently with or without a walking frame prior to the fracture; 3) diagnosis of proximal femoral fracture; 4) history of fall; 5) surgical procedure Bipolar hemiarthroplasty / total hip replacement and postoperative ambulatory status weight bearing as tolerated.
Patients will be ineligible to participate in the study if they are unable to walk more than one meter despite assistance with a walking aid and/or another person, are legally blind, have a progressive neurological disease (e.g. Parkinson’s disease, dementia) or low Conscious level (low GCS) or suffer from any medical condition precluding exercise (e.g. unstable cardiac disease) or other uncontrolled chronic conditions that would interfere with the safety and conduct of the training and testing protocol or interpretation of results. Moreover, Patients undergoing dynamic hip screw (DHS) will be excluded from the study due the different postoperative weight bearing regimens including non-weight bearing, toe touch, partial and full weight-bearing. Most of the patients with a bipolar hemiarthroplasty/ total hip arthroplasty are allowed full weight bearing postoperative and this will therefore keep the groups homogenous. We will utilize medical record files to assess eligibility criteria of patients for participation in the study.
Home-base rehabilitation program is an extended 12 weeks home-based strength retraining program of progressive balance and lower limb strengthening exercises twice a week for 3 months as well as evidence based cueing strategies to reduce freezing of gait. All exercises will include 5 minutes warm-up exercises. The lower limb extensor muscle groups, which act to prevent collapse of the lower limb (hip & knee extensors and ankle plantar flexors) will be targeted with exercises designed to enhance postural control (i.e. balance) and muscle strength. The balance exercises include standing with a decreased base of support, forwards and sideways stepping/walking, and graded reaching activities in standing. Strengthening exercises will include sit-to-stand, forward and lateral step-ups onto a small block, semi squats and heel raises in standing. Standard principles governing frequency, volume, duration, intensity and progression of exercise will be applied. Cueing strategies will be used to reduce freezing. These will include identifying appropriate methods of cueing (cognitive, auditory, and somatosensory) for each participant and incorporating these cues into everyday activities.
The physiotherapists will deliver home-based rehabilitation program with sufficient clinical experience with older population. For each patient randomized to the intervention group, a physiotherapist will visit the patient’s home and will prescribe a selection of exercises at the first visit. The same physiotherapist will return twice a week for 3 months to make progressive adjustments to the exercise protocol according to the home-base rehabilitation program exercise manual.
Participant will be enrolled into the study after the informed consent process has been completed, and the patients have met eligibility criteria. Patient consent for study participation will be obtained during the hospital stay by the research-assistant. Also, medical clearance will be required from each patient’s primary surgeon to certify him / her as able to participate in moderate-intensity rehabilitation program before taking part in the study. A research-assistant will perform a baseline assessment using a pre-structured questionnaire to assess baseline characteristics including age, gender, marital status, educational status, socio-economic, BMI, past medical history, medication, assessment of neurological status (Glasgow coma scale (GCS) will be used to assess conscious level of patient) functional status, use of ambulatory aids, number of previous falls, Type of fracture, and surgical repair type. A physiotherapist will perform assessment of mobility-related disabilities using performance-based mobility measure at baseline. The scores at baseline will be recorded for all the patients (intervention and control arms). Lastly, fall risk assessment, geriatric assessment, and general fall prevention teaching will be done by geriatric expert physician at the time of enrolment for both the groups. All the measurements will be done before hip fracture surgery (preoperative assessment). All the adverse events (defined as a significant injury or medical event that causes the participant to seek attention from a health professional or limit their activities) will be monitored and recorded throughout the study during the follow-up telephone calls to each participant. All the adverse events will be covered through institutional insurance coverage. Fig. 1 shows the details of participant’s recruitment, randomization, and follow-up.
Study design flow-chart.
The Primary outcome of the study is occurrence of falls. Falls will be measured at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months by research-assistant follow-up telephone calls for both the groups. A structured pre-tested questionnaire will be used to assess falls on telephonic interview. The interview will take 5–10 minutes of each participants to assess occurrence of any new fall incident after discharge. Falls will be assessed by comparing the number of falls in intervention and control groups.
Physical Mobility and Mobility-related disability will be measured with a self-reported test at every routine follow-up for up to two years using a performance-based test as per Haley et al. [26]. The performance-based mobility measure will be the lower extremity Summary Performance Score version of the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) [27]. This battery gives a composite score based on timed performance of three mobility tasks: the ability to stand up for up to 10 seconds with feet in different positions (together side by side, semi-tandem and tandem), 4-meter walk and time to rise from a chair 5 times. The short performance based mobility tool is a valid and reliable tool with test retest validity ranging from 0.83 to 0.89. Study conducted by Gómez and colleagues in 2013 on adults between 65 to 74 years of age residing in the Andes Mountains of Colombia reported Test-retest reliability of 0.87 of the SPPB in Spanish version [28]. Another study conducted in Quebec and Brazil by Freire and colleagues in 2012 reported the validity and reliability of SPPB in diverse populations ranging from 0.83 to 0.89 [29]. This short performance battery tool had been validated in varied languages in different regions but not in Urdu language. Therefore, to use this tool in the study, we will perform back and forward translation of SPPB in Urdu language and will send it to 5–7 clinical experts to rate it for clearance and relevance in order to calculate the validity of tool in Urdu language.
For follow-ups, telephone calls and face to face interviews will be utilized. All the Patients (both groups) will be contacted after 3 months, 6 months, 12 months, and 24 months (Fig. 1) for the period of two years via telephone call to assess occurrence of fall. The call will take approximately 5–10 minutes of each patient. While, the performance-based mobility measure will be marked at every routine follow-up for up to two years using face to face interview to assess the overall trend. Furthermore, anthropometric assessment will also be done to assess weight loss at each follow-up.
Open Epi was [30] used to compute sample size for the study. The retrospective analyses of studies have showed that reported incidence of falls in elderly patients is between 30–40% globally [31]. Therefore, 40 % fall rates were considered for control group to calculate sample size. Moreover, based on evidences from previous studies, home-based rehabilitation program can reduce incidence of falls up to 20% [11]. Henceforth, considering 40% fall rates in control group with an absolute risk reduction of 20% in intervention group, power of 0.8 and two sided confidence interval of 95% yields a sample size of 94 per group. Adding 20% attrition rate, the final sample size is calculated to be 112 per group.
Randomization will be performed by Clinical Trial Unit (CTU) at Aga Khan University using a computerized random-number generator. Randomization will be restricted by a permuted block design of size four or six with stratification to one of two study arms to ensure that both the study group receives half of the participants. CTU will sealed the randomization codes in sequentially numbered opaque envelopes which will be assigned to participants in their order of recruitment by the research officer at CTU not involved in the study.
This study is an open label trial where patients, orthopedic surgeons, Nurses, and physical therapist will be aware of the intervention group. Therefore, no blinding or allocation concealment will be performed. However, the research assistant who will assess occurrence of fall on telephone call will be kept blinded to ensure blinded data assessing.
Intention to treat Analysis will be performed for both the groups. All the analysis will be done on STATA version 15.0 [32]. Baseline characteristics for both groups and changes from baseline to 6 months and baseline to 2 year will be compared in the two groups using the χ2 test, Mann-Whitney, or Student's t-test as applicable. The number of falls in both the groups will be compared by computing incidence ratio rates using negative binomial regression models after adjusting for baseline differences in fall rates along with incomplete/loss to follow‐up in a small percentage of subjects. Between group comparisons of final test performance for the continuously-scored outcome measures will be made using General Linear Models (ANCOVA) controlled for pre-test performance.
Every questionnaire, screening tool, and consent will contain a printed study ID unique for each participant. All the data entry and analysis will be done using the study ID. Hard copies of the data will be kept in securely locked filling cabinets at department of surgery and only study principle investigator and Co-I will have access to the hard copies. Moreover, Password protected computer and data bases will be used to maintain confidentiality of electronic data. In addition, the backup files for electronic data will also be maintained to prevent loss of data.
Approval for the conduction of this study has been taken from the Ethical Review Committee (ERC) of the institution. Informed written consent to participate will be obtained from all participants recruited in the study. The findings of this study will be communicated with all the healthcare providers including physicians, surgeons, and nurses via Seminar, symposium, scientific paper, and presentation. Besides, we will utilize news brief and brochures to communicate findings with local communities and study participants.
The following information is required for submission. Please note that failure to respond to these questions/statements will mean your submission will be returned. If you have nothing to declare in any of these categories then this should be stated.
All authors must disclose any financial and personal relationships with other people or organisations that could inappropriately influence (bias) their work. Examples of potential conflicts of interest include employment, consultancies, stock ownership, honoraria, paid expert testimony, patent applications/registrations, and grants or other funding.
All sources of funding should be declared as an acknowledgement at the end of the text. Authors should declare the role of study sponsors, if any, in the collection, analysis and interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; and in the decision to submit the manuscript for publication. If the study sponsors had no such involvement, the authors should so state.
Research studies involving patients require ethical approval. Please state whether approval has been given, name the relevant ethics committee and the state the reference number for their judgement.
Please specify the contribution of each author to the paper, e.g. study concept or design, data collection, data analysis or interpretation, writing the paper, others, who have contributed in other ways, should be listed as contributors.
The Guarantor is the one or more people who accept full responsibility for the work and/or the conduct of the study, had access to the data, and controlled the decision to publish
Tinetti, M.E., Speechley, M. and Ginter, S.F. (1988). Risk factors for falls among elderly persons living in the community. N Engl. J. Med. 319(26): 1701–1707. [PubMed]
Cummings, S.R., Black, D.M. and Rubin, S.M. (1989). Lifetime risks of hip, Colles', or vertebral fracture and coronary heart disease among white postmenopausal women. Arch. Intern. Med. 149(11): 2445–2448. [PubMed]
Svedbom, A. (2013). Osteoporosis in the European Union: a compendium of country-specific reports. Arch. Osteoporosis 8(1–2): 137.
Johnell, O. (1997). The socioeconomic burden of fractures: today and in the 21st century. Am. J. Med. 103(2A): 20S–25S. [PubMed]
Marottoli, R.A. and Berkman, L.F. (1994 Nov). Leo-Summers L, Cooney LM Jr. Predictors of mortality and institutionalization after hip fracture: the New Haven EPESE cohort. Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly. Am. J. Public Health 84(11): 1807–1812. [PubMed]
Nurmi, I. (2004). Functional outcome and survival after hip fracture in elderly: a prospective study of 106 consecutive patients. J. Orthopaedics Traumatol. 5(1): 7–14.
Hashmi, Z., Danish, S.H., Ahmad, F. and Hashmi, M. (2013). Falls in geriatric population-a cross sectional study for assessment of the risk factors. J. Dow Univ. Health Sci. 7(3)
Mithal, A. and Kaur, P. (2012). Osteoporosis in Asia: a call to action. Curr. Osteoporosis Rep. 10(4): 245–247.
M. Tahir, et al. (2015). “Effect of Educational Intervention on Osteoporosis Knowledge among University Female Students in Quetta, Pakistan.” health 9: 10.
Chang, C.F., Lin, K.C., Chen, W.M., Jane, S.W., Yeh, S.H. and Wang, T.J. (2017). Effects of a Home-Based Resistance Training Program on Recovery From Total Hip Replacement Surgery: Feasibility and. Pilot Testing. J. Nurs. Res. 25(1): 21–30. [PubMed]
Sherrington, C., Michaleff, Z.A., Fairhall, N., Paul, S.S., Tiedemann, A., Whitney, J. and Lord, S.R. (2017). Exercise to prevent falls in older adults: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Br. J. Sports Med. 51(24): 1750–1758. [PubMed]
Gianoudis, J., Bailey, C.A., Ebeling, P.R., Nowson, C.A., Sanders, K.M., Hill, K. and Daly, R.M. (2014). Effects of a targeted multimodal exercise program incorporating high-speed power training on falls and fracture risk factors in older adults: a community-based randomized controlled trial. J. Bone Miner. Res. 29(1): 182–191. [PubMed]
Christodoulou, C. and Cooper, C. (2003). What is osteoporosis?. Postgrad. Med. J. 79(929): 133–138. [PubMed]
Koval, K.J. and Cooley, M.R. (2005). Clinical pathway after hip fracture. Disabil. Rehabil. 27(18-19): 1053–1060, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09638280500056618 [PubMed]
Munin, M.C., Seligman, K., Dew, M.A., Quear, T., Skidmore, E.R., Gruen, G., Reynolds, C.F. 3rd and Lenze, E.J. (2005). Effect of rehabilitation site on functional recovery after hip fracture. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 86(3): 367–372. [PubMed]
Society, A.G., Society, G., Of, A.A. and On Falls Prevention, O.S.P. (2001). Guideline for the Prevention of Falls in Older Persons. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 49(5): 664–672, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1532-5415.2001.49115.x [PubMed]
W. Lutz, W.P. Butz, K.E. Samir (Eds.). (2017). World Population & Human Capital in the Twenty-First Century: An Overview. Oxford University Press.
Li, R., Ladarola, A. and Maisano, C. (2007). Why Population aging matters: A global perspective Washington, DC: National Institute on Aging In: Department of State, Department of Health and Human Services: National Institutes of Health.
Donald, I.P. and Bulpitt, C.J. (1999). The prognosis of falls in elderly people living at home. Age Ageing 28(2): 121–125. [PubMed]
J. Bezon, K.H. Echevarria, G.B. Smith. Nursing outcome indicator: preventing falls for elderly people. Outcomes Manag Nurs Pract. 1999 Jul-Sep;3(3):112-6; quiz 116-7.
Brown, A.P. (1999). Reducing falls in elderly people: A review of exercise interventions. Physiother Theory Pract 15: 59–68.
Clark, R.D., Lord, S.R. and Webster, I.W. (1993). Clinical parameters associated with falls in an elderly population. Gerontology 39: 117–123. [PubMed]
Lord, S.R., Ward, J.A., Williams, P. and Anstey, K.J. (1993). An epidemiological study of falls in older community-dwelling women: the Randwick falls and fractures study. Aust. J. Public Health. 17(3): 240–245. [PubMed]
Tinetti, M.E. and Williams, C.S. (1997). Falls, injuries due to falls, and the risk of admission to a nursing home. New Eng. J. Med. 337(18): 1279–1284. [PubMed]
Gill, T.M., Allore, H.G., Holford, T.R. and Guo, Z. (2004). Hospitalization, restricted activity, and the development of disability among older persons. JAMA 292(17): 2115–2124. [PubMed]
Haley, S.M., Andres, P.L., Coster, W.J., Kosinski, M., Ni, P. and Jette, A.M. (2004). Short-form activitiy measure for post-acute care. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 85(4): 649–660. [PubMed]
Onder, G., Penninx, B.W., Ferrucci, L., Fried, L.P., Guralnik, J.M. and Pahor, M. (2005). Measures of physical performance and risk for progressive and catastrophic disability: results from the Women’s Health and Aging study. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 60(1): 74–79. [PubMed]
Gómez, J.F., Curcio, C.L., Alvarado, B., Zunzunegui, M.V. and Guralnik, J. (2013). Validity and reliability of the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB): a pilot study on mobility in the Colombian Andes. Colombia medica 44(3): 165–171. [PubMed]
Freire, A.N., Guerra, R.O., Alvarado, B., Guralnik, J.M. and Zunzunegui, M.V. (2012). Validity and reliability of the short physical performance battery in two diverse older adult populations in Quebec and Brazil. J. Aging Health 24(5): 863–878. [PubMed]
A.G. Dean, K.M. Sullivan, M.M. Soe. OpenEpi: Open Source Epidemiologic Statistics for Public Health, Version. www.OpenEpi.com, updated 2013/04/06, accessed 2018/09/03.
Prevalence of Risk of Fall in Community Dwelling Pakistani Male Population over the Age of 65 years. Mehmood M, Mushtaq M, Ansa N, Jilani A, Prevalence of Risk of Fall in Community Dwelling Pakistani Male Population over the Age of 65 years J Nov Physiother 6 2016 309 10.4172/2165-7025.1000309
StataCorp. (2015). Stata Statistical Software: Release 14 In: College Station, TX: StataCorp LP.