Accepted on 01 Apr 2021
Submitted on 19 Jan 2021
Borderline resectable pancreatic cancer (BRPC) is a recently proposed category that carries a high risk of margin-positive resection when it is initially treated via surgical resection, and it is defined by the involvement of major vessels, such as the celiac artery, superior mesenteric artery, hepatic artery, or portal vein (PV) [1]. Initial surgery does not efficiently improve the survival of patients with BRPC, and several retrospective studies suggested that neoadjuvant treatment for BRPC increases the R0 resection rate and improves survival [2]. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines recommend neoadjuvant treatment for BRPC [3]. However, there is no standard neoadjuvant regimen for this malignancy.
BRPC with arterial involvement (BRPC-A) is associated with a higher rate of margin-positive resection and poorer prognosis than BRPC involving the PV or superior mesenteric vein (SMV) (BRPC-PV) [2]. An analysis of patients with BRPC who received preoperative gemcitabine-based chemoradiotherapy revealed a significantly lower resection rate in patients with BRPC-A than in those with BRPC-PV [4]. Pancreatic resection combined with resection and reconstruction of the PV/SMV can be performed safely, and it is a common surgical procedure for patients with BRPC-PV [5, 6]. Contrarily, pancreatic resection combined with the resection of major arteries is associated with high risks of morbidity and mortality [7]. Therefore, pancreatic resection plus arterial resection is not generally accepted as a standard surgical procedure for BRPC-A [5]. To avoid arterial resection, a treatment regimen with a significant tumor-shrinking effect is ideal for neoadjuvant treatment.
Gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel (GnP) was originally reported to improve the survival of patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer [8]. A substantial tumor-shrinking effect was also described for GnP [9]. A retrospective study of patients with BRPC revealed that neoadjuvant GnP was linked to a significantly higher R0 resection rate and longer survival than upfront surgery, although the proportion of patients with BRPC and arterial involvement was significantly higher in the neoadjuvant GnP group [10]. In this study, 92% of patients with BRPC-A in the neoadjuvant GnP group did not require arterial resection, and margin-free resection was achieved in all those patients. However, the efficacy of neoadjuvant GnP for BRPC-A has not been evaluated in the prospective setting. Therefore, we are conducting a prospective multicenter phase II study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of neoadjuvant GnP for BRPC-A.
The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the GnP regimen as neoadjuvant chemotherapy for BRPC-A.
This study is a prospective, single-arm, multicenter phase II trial with 14 participating institutions, which was registered with the UMIN Clinical Trials Registry as UMIN000027775. This study protocol was approved by the institutional review board of Kyushu University (no. 181).
The primary endpoint is the R0 resection rate. The secondary endpoints are the neoadjuvant chemotherapy response rate, resection rate, pathological response rate, incidence rate of adverse events, and quality of life endpoints.
After confirmation of eligibility, registration forms will be sent to the Clinical Research Support Center Kyushu (CReS Kyushu).
Protocol treatment will be started within 14 days after registration. Enrolled patients will receive an intravenous infusion of 1,000 mg/m2 gemcitabine and 125 mg/m2 nab-paclitaxel on days 1, 8, and 15 of each 28-day cycle. The neoadjuvant treatment will be repeated for 2–4 cycles. The number of cycles will be decided by the physicians or surgeons of participating institutions based on laboratory data, imaging findings, and the patient’s condition. On day 1 of the first cycle, chemotherapy will be administered if patients fulfill the eligibility criteria. On days 8 and 15 of each cycle, chemotherapy will be continued if patients fulfill the following criteria: neutrophil count > 1,200/mm3; platelet count ≥ 100,000/mm3; AST ≤ 150 U/L; ALT ≤ 150 U/L; total bilirubin ≤ 3.0 mg/dL; ≤Grade 1 diarrhea, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, or infection; ≤Grade 2 mucositis, rash, or peripheral sensory/motor neuropathy; and no symptom suggesting macular edema. On day 1 of cycles 2–4, chemotherapy will be continued if patients fulfill the following criteria: neutrophil count > 1,000/mm3; platelet count ≥ 75,000/mm3; AST ≤ 150 U/L; ALT ≤ 150 U/L; total bilirubin ≤ 3.0 mg/dL; ≤Grade 1 diarrhea, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, or infection; ≤Grade 2 mucositis, rash, or peripheral sensory/motor neuropathy; and no symptom suggesting macular edema.
Dose reduction of gemcitabine to 800 mg/m2 and nab-paclitaxel to 100 mg/m2 is required if patients exhibit any of the following events: neutrophil count < 500/mm3; platelet count < 50,000/mm3; or Grade 3 febrile neutropenia, diarrhea, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, mucositis, rash, or peripheral sensory/motor neuropathy. Dose reduction of gemcitabine to 600 mg/m2 and nab-paclitaxel to 75 mg/m2 will be required if patients experience the same event twice. If further dose reduction is required, protocol treatment will be discontinued. If protocol treatment is halted for more than 21 days because of treatment-associated adverse events, protocol treatment will be discontinued.
After two cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, enhanced CT will be performed. Surgical resection will be performed if the imaging evaluation suggests R0 resection is possible. An additional one or two cycles of GnP before surgery will be allowed depending on the physicians’ or surgeons’ judgments.
Adjuvant chemotherapy with S-1 or gemcitabine will be recommended, but not required, in the protocol treatment.
Data will be recorded for each patient on a case report form by the investigators of participating institutions and sent to the data center (CReS Kyushu). The schedules of data collection are summarized in Table 1. Patient quality of life will be assessed using EQ-5D-5L, a patient-reported outcomes instrument that can evaluate quality of life, regardless of disease, via six questions.
Table 1
Study schedule.
| Required measurements | Before registration | During protocol treatment | Discontinuation of protocol treatment | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chemotherapy | Surgery | ||||||||||||
| Course | 1 | 2 | If chemotherapy is continued | Before surgery | During surgery | 28 days after surgery | |||||||
| Day | 1 | 8 | 15 | 29 | 36 | 43 | |||||||
| Patient characteristics | ○ | ||||||||||||
| Performance status | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ||||
| Symptoms | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ||||
| Blood count | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ||||
| Blood biochemistry | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ||||
| CEA, CA19-9 | ○ | ○ | ○ | ||||||||||
| ECG | ○ | ||||||||||||
| QOL assessment | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | |||||||||
| Contrast CT scan | ○ | ○ | ○ | ||||||||||
| Administration record | |||||||||||||
| Gemcitabine | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ||||||
| Nab-paclitaxel | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ||||||
| Adverse events | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ||||||
| Operative findings | ○ | ||||||||||||
| Postoperative complications | ○ | ||||||||||||
| Pathological findings | ○ | ||||||||||||
CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen; CA19-9, carbohydrate antigen 19-9; ECG, electrocardiogram; QOL, quality of life; CT, computed tomography.
To confirm that patients have BRPC-A, central review of MDCT images will be performed.
This study is designed as a prospective single-arm phase II trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the GnP regimen as neoadjuvant chemotherapy for BRPC-A. The primary endpoint is the R0 resection rate. The R0 resection rate after neoadjuvant therapy for BRPC-A has not been fully elucidated. According to a meta-analysis of neoadjuvant treatment for BRPC, the R0 resection rate after neoadjuvant therapy for BRPC, regardless of arterial involvement, was 57.4% [12]. Therefore, we assume that the R0 resection rate after neoadjuvant treatment for BRPC with arterial involvement will be 30%–50%. The estimated sample size is 35, based on an expected R0 resection rate of 50%, threshold of 30%, alpha error of 0.05, and beta error of 0.2. Because it is anticipated that 5% of registered patients will be ineligible for participation, the planned sample size for this study is 37.
This study protocol was approved by the institutional review board of Kyushu University (no 181.). Written informed consent will be obtained from all participants. The results will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and will be presented at medical meetings.
This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
The authors have no competing interests to declare.
YM, TO, and MN developed the study concept and all authors further developed the study protocol. YM was responsible for drafting the manuscript and all authors contributed to the final manuscript.
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